37 analyses

AC load flow

Balanced load flow with the Newton-Raphson, Gauss-Seidel or Z-bus Gauss-Seidel method.

DC load flow

The linearized active-power flow for quick screening.

AC/DC load flow

Combined AC and DC networks with converters, solved together or as separate AC and DC systems.

Unbalanced analysis

Load flow, faults and harmonics in phase coordinates for unbalanced networks.

Time-series load flow

Quasi-static load flows over load and generation profiles.

State estimation

Weighted-least-squares estimation of the network state from measurements.

Harmonic analysis

Harmonic load flow with a compliance check of voltage and current distortion.

IEEE 519-2014

Optimal power flow

Full AC optimal power flow in polar form, solved with a primal-dual interior-point method.

Short circuit to IEC 60909

Initial, peak and breaking currents with the correction factors of the standard, for maximum and minimum currents.

IEC 60909-0

Short circuit to ANSI/IEEE C37

First-cycle and interrupting duties for breaker and fuse evaluation.

IEEE C37.010

General fault analysis

Three-phase, single-line-to-ground, line-to-line and double-line-to-ground faults with branch contributions.

DC short circuit

Short-circuit currents in DC systems with batteries, rectifiers and capacitors.

IEC 61660

Transient stability

RMS time-domain simulation of disturbances, with a search for the critical clearing time.

Small-signal stability

Eigenvalues, damping ratios and participation factors of the linearized system.

Electromagnetic transients

EMT simulation of switching and fault events, including statistical switching studies.

Voltage stability

P-V and Q-V curves, including continuation P-V curves to the nose point.

Motor starting

Voltage dips and acceleration while large motors start.

Contingency analysis

N-1 outages and N-2 branch pairs with overload and voltage violations.

Cascading outages

How tripped lines can overload others, on a DC network model.

Generation adequacy

Loss-of-load expectation and energy (LOLE, LOEE), frequency and duration.

Composite adequacy

Generation and transmission together (hierarchical level II).

Distribution reliability

SAIFI and SAIDI of feeders, and supply-point reliability by minimal cut sets.

Protection coordination

Time-current curves, sequence of operation and suggested relay settings.

IEC 60255-151 / IEEE C37.112IEEE 242

Arc flash

Incident energy and arc-flash boundaries, with labels and energized work permits.

IEEE 1584-2018NFPA 70E

Arc energy (DGUV)

Arc energy and protection levels following the German DGUV guidance.

DGUV 203-077

Fault protection

Automatic disconnection checks for low-voltage installations.

IEC 60364

Ground grid design

Grid resistance and touch and step voltages of substation earthing grids.

IEEE 80

Insulation co-ordination

Withstand voltages and clearances from representative overvoltages.

IEC 60071-2

Lightning performance

Back-flashover and shielding-failure rates of overhead lines.

CIGRE TB 63

Cable sizing

Cross-sections from current, voltage drop and short-circuit withstand, and a check of every cable after a load flow.

IEC 60364

Cable rating

Continuous current ratings of single-core, three-core and pipe-type cables.

IEC 60287

Battery sizing

Stationary battery capacity from duty cycles.

IEEE 485

Transformer loading

Hot-spot temperature and ageing of oil-immersed transformers.

IEC 60076-7

Feeder reconfiguration

Switch positions for minimum losses.

Load allocation

Distribute measured feeder demand over the connected loads.

Capacitor placement

Locations and sizes of capacitor banks.

Hosting capacity

How much new generation each bus can take within limits.